Figure 1: Real space structural data of the PDMS nanochannels: AFM topography data with 15x15 μm2 scan range and optical micrograph in the inset. Reproduced with permission from Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 083114 (2006). Copyright 2006, American Institute of Physics.
P. Müller-Buschbaum1*, E. Bauer1*, E. Maurer1*, K. Schlögl1*, S.V. Roth2*, R. Gehrke2*
1TU München, Physik-Department, LS E13, James-Franck-Str.1, 85747 Garching (Germany)
2HASYLAB at DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg (Germany)
Published in: Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 083114 (2006)
Large scale arrays of polymer nanochannels are important tools for many applications, such as micro-fluidics and fabrication of bioanalytical assays. Polymer nanochannels are defined as the alignment of polymeric material in walls with negligible interconnection in perpendicular direction. We present here a new, unexplored route to create such polymeric arrays. Their large-scale order as well as their orientation with respect to the underlying substrate is probed using high-resolution grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering.
Nanochannel array applications and preparation
The ability to nanostructure polymer interfaces is of great importance in many areas of basic and technological applications. Too name just a few are organic electronics, microelectronics, combinatorial beiotechnology and nano- and microfluidics. The main techniques used for fabrication are ”top-down” and ”bottom-up” In our present study we focused on a new, easy approach to create a large-scale nanochannel array. The array was prepared as follows. A 100%-cellulose based fuzz free wipe [1] was soaked with isopropanol-PDMS solution (concentration < 0.1 mg/ml). The glass slide (surface roughness < 0.5 nm) was treated with this wipe and kept electrostatically isolated during the treatment. The contact pressure was (24±3)kPa. The wiping direction was along the long side of the glass slide. The solvent evaporates at temperature-controlled climatized conditions. The PDMS dewets the glass surface [2,3]. Induced by directional deposition and evaporation, the nanostructure is frozen in. Due to the low concentration, only a very small amount of PDMS is transferred to the glass slide.
Sample characterization with local methods
Real space images from the sample were obtained using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, optical micrograph pictures were taken. As can be seen from the inset in fig. 1 the surface seems to be featureless in the optical regime and cannot be distinguished from the untreated glass surface. The AFM image in fig. 1, however, clearly shows an oriented structure. A zooming-in is shown in fig. 2. In fig. 2b, polymeric walls are clearly visible. Interconnections between adjacent walls are missing, hence this structure fulfills all the prerequisites for a nanochannel array. A line scan in fig 2c allows to extract the geometry of the nanochannels: Their height is 3 nm, their mean distance D= 166 nm. The Fourier-transform of fig. 2b is shown in fig. 2d. The high ordering of the nanochannels is corroborated by the two streaking signals. For comparison, fig. 2a shows the resulting structure without wiping. Only a dewetted structure consisting of polydisperse PDMS droplets is present.
High-resolution grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering
To probe the existence of the polymer nanochannel array over the whole substrate surface, we installed a high-resolution grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (high-resolution GISAXS) at the beamline BW4 of HASYLAB [5], see fig. 4. The wavelength chosen was λ = 1.38Å
Experimental requirements for high-resolution GISAXS are in principle coupled with the beamline optics as well as with the way the GISAXS experiment is performed: Despite the strong differences in the intensity between the diffusely scattered intensity carrying the desired information about the lateral sample surface structure and the specularly reflected intensity, the use of a two-dimensional detector is very advantageous for any GISAXS experiment. Because the specular peak, broadened by the experimental resolution function, is only helpful for alignment purpose, in the GISAXS experiment it is shielded with a beamstop [6], which resembles a similarity to the common SAXS experiments in which the direct beam has to be shielded from the same reasons as well. However, whereas in SAXS the intensity carrying information about large bulk sample structures is located very close to this beamstop at small q-values, in GISAXS the Yoneda wing and the specular peak (shielded with a beamstop) can be separated due to the reflection geometry [7]. As a consequence, mainly three different types of GISAXS experiments can be distinguished from the relative position of the Yoneda wing (located at the critical angle αc of the material under investigation) and specular peak [8].
In the GISAXS experiment of first type, the incident angle fulfills αi < αc and consequently on the detector the specular peak appears at αf = αi < αc below the Yoneda wing at αf = αc. Depending on the experimental resolution this will enable a separation of both signals along the αf -axis (or qz-axis) of the detector and thus a proper separation of the diffuse and the specular scattering, which is essential for the GISAXS analysis (see examples within this article [8]). Within the present set-up the incident angle was chosen as αi = 0.01°. Additionally, a very large sample-to-detector distance of LSD = 13m was chosen. This setup enables to detect length scales from 35 nm up to theoretically 21 μm. In this experiment a maximum resolution of 2.75×10-4nm-1 was achieved. Due to the very shallow incident angle, specular and direct beam can be blocked by one beamstop. The Yoneda peak, being very surface-structure sensitive due to its interference nature, is well separated. Consequently, specular and diffuse scattering are easily separated.
Moreover, at αi = 0.01° the penetration depth of the x-rays is minimal, hence a clear signal from the weakly scattering PDMS-array is achieved. On the other hand due to the projection of the beam onto the footprint, the whole sample surface is illuminated. This is a prerequisite to prove the homogeneity of the nanochannel array.
Results
From the 2D intensity distribution the chemical composition of thin films as well as the length scales parallel to the substrate surface can be deduced [6]. The wavevector transfer is decomposed in two components, qz and qy, both perpendicular to the incoming beam. While qz probes the length scales perpendicular to the sample surface, the intensity distribution for a slice along qy is governed by the lateral length scales present. The most prominent feature along qz beside the specular beam is the Yoneda peak. This maximum originates from the interference of incoming and reflected wave, when the incident angle αi or exit angle αf equal the critical angle of the materials present. Due to the interference, the Yoneda peak is most sensitive to the surface morphology and structure. Hence we show in fig. 3 the intensity distribution along qy for the out-of-plane cut at the critical angle of PDMS. For comparison, the identical cut of the bare glass substrate is shown. The dotted line denotes the resolution. At qyp a maximum is clearly visible. This maximum corresponds to a most-prominent inplane length scale of Λ = 7μm. Using [9,10] αi ≈ 0 and qx = (2π/λ)[cos(αf) - cos(αi)] being the wavevector transfer parallel to the incident beam, one derives a condition for the position of the zero order maximum:
ω denotes the orientation of the nanochannel array with respect to the long edge of the glass substrate. This formula takes into account the finite curvature of the Ewald-sphere which leads to coupling of the two wavevector components qy and qx parallel to the sample surface. This, in combination with the finite tilt ω, leads to a virtual enlarged period of the nanochannel array.
Conclusion
We have proven a new and simple route to create large area shallow polymeric nanochannel arrays under the mechanical and ambient conditions mentioned above, which might be interesting for future applications in micro- and nanofluidics. Using a very high-resolution GISAXS setup at BW4 we investigate the extremely weak scattering array and are able to the homogeneity of the nanochannel array over the whole substrate (86x20 mm2) as well as its tilt of ω = 6.4° with respect to the long edge of the glass substrate. With one zero-order scattering maximum present, the preparation process is not as perfect as lithographic, interference, diblock polymer or external-field methods [11-21]. However, its simplicity allows for easy scaling and time-reduced preparation of well controlled surface patterns.
Acknowledgement
This work was financially supported by the DFG Schwerpunktprogramm SPP 1164 ”Nano- and Microfluidics” (Mu1487/2).
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[1] KIMWIPES Lite, Kimberly Clark. |
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Peter Müller-Buschbaum |
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