Scientists, also from DESY, have used a powerful X-ray laser to heat water from room temperature to 100,000 degrees Celsius in less than a tenth of a picosecond (millionth of a millionth of a second). The experimental set-up, that can be seen as the world's fastest water heater, produced an exotic state of water, from which researchers hope to learn more about the peculiar characteristics of Earth's most important liquid. The observations also have practical use for the probing biological and many other samples with X-ray lasers. The team of Carl Caleman from the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) at DESY and Uppsala University (Sweden) reports its findings in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
The researchers used the X-ray free-electron laser Linac Coherent Light Source LCLS at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in the U.S. to shoot extremely intense and ultra-short flashes of X-rays at a jet of water. “It is certainly not the usual way to boil your water,” said Caleman. “Normally, when you heat water, the molecules will just be shaken stronger and stronger.” On the molecular level, heat is motion – the hotter, the faster the motion of the molecules. This can be achieved, for example, via heat transfer from a stove, or more directly with microwaves that make the water molecules swing back and forth ever faster in step with the electromagnetic field.
“Our heating is fundamentally different”, explained Caleman. “The energetic X-rays punch electrons out of the water molecules, thereby destroying the balance of electric charges. So, suddenly the atoms feel a strong repulsive force and start to move violently.” In less than 75 femtoseconds, that's 75 millionths of a billionth of a second or 0.000 000 000 000 075 seconds, the water goes through a phase transition from liquid to plasma. A plasma is a state of matter where the electrons have been removed from the atoms, leading to a sort of electrically charged gas.
Ultrafast non-thermal heating of water initiated by an X-ray Free-Electron Laser; Kenneth R. Beyerlein, H. Olof Jönsson, Roberto Alonso-Mori , Andrew Aquila, Saša Bajt, Anton Barty, Richard Bean, Jason E. Koglin, Marc Messerschmidt, Davide Ragazzon, Dimosthenis Sokaras, Garth J. Williams, Stefan Hau-Riege, Sébastien Boutet, Henry N. Chapman, Nicusor Tîmneanu, and Carl Caleman; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 2018; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711220115